CO2 penalties
Fines automakers could face in 2021 (in euros)
VW Group : 1.36 billion
FCA: 950 million
PSA/Opel: 786.7 million
BMW: 430 million
Ford: 307.1 million
Hyundai-Kia: 283.1 million
Daimler: 126.2 million
Sources: PA Consulting; JATO sales data
PARIS -- Most major automakers are likely to fall short of meeting the European Union's upcoming carbon dioxide emissions goal, and could face big fines as a result, a consultants' report said.
