When China responded to President Donald Trump's trade war with an extra 25 percent tariff on U.S.-made cars in mid-2018, the move cut the number of vehicles exported from America by half.
China dropped the added levies for most of 2019 but is now threatening to bring them back as part of its latest escalation of the tit-for-tat with Trump.
With no signs of the Trump administration's trade war with China ending soon, experts say automakers need to be prepared for volatility and added costs.
While U.S. automakers Ford and Tesla would suffer, a bigger blow would be felt by German companies that build Mercedes-Benz and BMW SUVs at plants in Alabama and South Carolina.
Together, BMW and Daimler sold six of the 10 most popular U.S. vehicles exported to China during 2018.
The trade war cost BMW 300 million euros ($333 million) in 2018, and Mercedes parent Daimler was the first major global corporation to cut profit targets because of trade last year. Yet even companies such as General Motors that produce locally most of the cars they sell in China could be hit by levies on auto parts and further retaliation measures.
Here is a rundown on their exposure to the new tariffs and what they are doing to mitigate the impact.
BMW
BMW in 2018 calculated a full year of tariffs between the U.S. and China would cost it about 600 million euros, though the countries came to an agreement shortly before that scenario was realized. The company makes its entry-level X1 SUV in China through a joint venture with Brilliance China Automotive Holdings and has plans to increase its ownership to 75 percent by 2022.
BMW also moved local production of its X3 SUV to China in May 2018, around the time the first round of retaliatory Chinese tariffs kicked in. Its best seller, the X5, is shipped in ready-to-assemble kits to Thailand before continuing on to China, avoiding any new penalties on U.S. imports. Most exposed is the Spartanburg-made X7, BMW's largest SUV, which has sold well in China.
Between 5 percent and 10 percent of group earnings would be wiped out over a full year, Juergen Pieper, an analyst at Bankhaus Metzler, said in an email. "A second-half recovery would be difficult to achieve."
Daimler
Mercedes-Benz never quantified the earnings impact of the trade war and has faced a range of other problems, including a regulatory crackdown on its diesel cars in Europe and production disruption affecting its popular GLE SUV. It has said additional tariffs may prompt it to consider assembling some SUVs in Southeast Asia, as BMW does with the X5, for export into China.
Mercedes will start local production of its first all-electric SUV, called EQC, in China at the end of this year.
Tesla
Tesla exports its pricey Model S sedan and Model X SUV to China, along with the lower-priced Model 3. About 14 percentof its global output in the first half was sold there, according to Credit Suisse analyst Dan Levy.
CEO Elon Musk has high hopes for the Model 3 in China and has been focused on getting the company's plant in Shanghai running by the end of this year. The Chinese tariffs are due to take effect in December, so the impact will depend on how quickly the plant starts production.
Ford
Ford expects China to become Lincoln's biggest market, surpassing the U.S. over next few years. Almost 10 percent of its sales in China were imported, the vast bulk of them from the U.S. -- including top sellers such as the Mustang sports car and F-150 Raptor pickup truck. Three quarters of Ford's exports to China are Lincoln models, and while all are now made in North America, local production of the Corsair small SUV will begin late this year.
"We encourage the U.S. and China to find a near-term resolution on remaining issues through continued negotiations. It is essential for these two important economies to work together to advance balanced and fair trade," Ford said Friday after the new tariffs were announced.
Avoiding levies is a key reason Lincoln plans eventually to build all its models in China, except for the Navigator SUV, which does not sell in large enough numbers.
"We see China as ground zero for Lincoln, given the size of the market and how well the brand has been received," Bob Shanks, Ford's then-Chief Financial Officer, said in May.
General Motors
The U.S. automaker would have little exposure to the new tariffs. GM does send some American-made parts to China, but the impact is minimal, according to Levy, the Credit Suisse analyst.
The bigger risk to GM and companies with few exports to China is that there could be greater retaliation against their operations in China, or the Trump administration could add tariffs on parts made in China for U.S. vehicles, said Baum, the independent auto analyst.
